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Covid 19 - Legal effects on supply relationships


The rapid spread of the coronavirus also has an impact on national and international economic relations, especially when goods cannot be delivered, cannot be delivered on time or can only be delivered at a higher price. We have compiled an overview of the possible legal consequences of the corona epidemic with regard to supply relationships.

What to do if a supplier invokes "force majeure"?

 

The German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch – BGB) does not know the concept of "force majeure" (in German: "höhere Gewalt") as such. Nonetheless, the concept is widely used in international supply contracts, including contracts governed by German law. Accordingly, a supplier may invoke force majeure in particular if this is individually contractually agreed or stipulated in general terms and conditions. We recommend taking a close look at existing contracts. Are the prerequisites linked to the term force majeure described in more detail, and what are the consequences?

 

If nothing has been contractually agreed between the parties regarding force majeure, German courts will refer to statutory provisions when assessing obstacles of performance. If fulfilment of a performance obligation is (temporarily) impossible or grossly disproportionate, the performance obligation is (temporarily) waived by virtue of law. German courts define force majeure as an external event that is unavoidable and unforeseeable and that occurs after the conclusion of the contract. There are many arguments for classifying the coronavirus as force majeure according to this definition.

 

If the contractual partner refuses to perform by invoking force majeure, a court will weigh up whether one party's interest in performance is more important than a potential loss for the company concerned. In principle, it should therefore not be accepted prematurely that force majeure is caused by the coronavirus and that the contractual partner cannot or does not have to perform at all. Rather, it should be examined on a case-by-case basis to determine whether the fulfilment of contractual obligations is in fact partially or even completely impossible due to the above-mentioned circumstances. The burden of proof that a force majeure event hinders the performance is upon the party invoking it.

 

What to do if delivery is possible, but only at a higher price?

 

In this case too, the contractual provision takes precedence. If there is no contractual agreement, the price can only be adjusted in absolutely exceptional cases. A prerequisite for this is that the circumstances that have become the basis of the contract have changed considerably (so-called disruption of the basis of the transaction – in German: "Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage"). However, the fact that delivery is more difficult and becomes more expensive for the supplier due to the coronavirus cannot be regarded as a disruption of the basis of the transaction in this sense. The seller usually bears the procurement risk and must therefore organize its supply chains in such a way that losses can be compensated. This means that the supplier may also have to choose alternative procurements and transport routes that are subject to costs. The possibility to invoke a price adjustment due to disruption of the basis of the contract is therefore a consequence reserved for clearly exceptional situations.

 

What to do if there is a supply bottleneck and you can only deliver late?

 

Deliver might also be delayed due to supply bottlenecks caused by the corona crisis and the supplier can become liable for damages as a consequence thereof. However, delay is subject to fault. The assessment as to whether the supplier has acted culpably depends on the obligations the supplier has assumed in the individual case.

 

In any case, suppliers need to notify their contractual partners about supply difficulties in due time. Furthermore, in order not to be liable for default, it is necessary to have taken all reasonable and necessary precautionary measures. This means, inter alia, having attempted in good time to organise alternative sources of supply, transport routes, production capacities or subcontractors in order to minimise the effects of a corona epidemic and the like, even if such measures may involve higher costs. Determining the proportionality threshold, however, is again a question of the individual case, to be ultimately decided by the courts.

 

Is there a threat of claims for damages in case of non-delivery or late delivery?

 

The effects of the corona epidemic may in principle also lead to the assertion of claims for damages, e.g. direct claims for damages by an end customer against the supplier, or indirectly, as a recourse claim via the supply chain. Under German law, claims for damages usually require fault. Whether there is fault or not depends on the individual case, and the above explanations regarding measures taken by the supplier apply accordingly. German law accepts claims for damages irrespective of fault only if a corresponding guarantee has been given. Please note that the damaged party is under an obligation to take measures to reduce the damage in order not to jeopardise its claim.

 

Is there insurance cover in case of cessation of operations or production?

 

Whether or not your insurance will cover the damage caused by a discontinuation of your production or even the entire business depends on the specific insurance conditions under your insurance contract (e.g. business interruption insurance, all-risk insurance). However, the following applies to all insurance policies: certain obligations towards the insurer, such as in particular notification obligations, must be strictly adhered to in order not to endanger the insurance cover.

 

If you have any questions regarding the implications of the corona epidemic on your contractual relationships, please reach out to your usual contact persons at kallan or at info@kallan-legal.de.

 

The situation resulting from the effects of coronavirus is changing rapidly. The above information reflects the situation on 20 March 2020 which may have changed since then.